微波辅助提取鸡屎藤茎挥发油及其成分分析

[目的]研究微波辅助环己烷提取鸡屎藤茎挥发油的最佳提取工艺条件,通过气质联用（GC-MS）技术分析挥发油成分及含量,为科学利用鸡屎藤提供参考。[方法]用微波辅助环己烷提取鸡屎藤茎挥发油,并用GC-MS对其挥发油成分进行分析,利用正交试验筛选挥发油提取的最佳工艺条件。[结果]微波辅助环己烷提取鸡屎藤茎挥发油的最佳提取工艺为M鸡屎藤茎∶V环己烷=2∶60（g/ml）,微波提取10min,微波功率800 W,微波温度50℃,挥发油收率可达1.32%。通过GC-MS技术从微波辅助提取的鸡屎藤茎提取物中共检测出10种组分,鉴定出7种化合物,占总峰面积的90.690%,提取物中主要成分为n-棕榈酸（18.424%）、邻苯二甲酸异丁基壬酯（24.243%）和油酸（15.131%）。[结论]微波辅助环己烷提取鸡屎藤茎挥发油提取速率快,出油率高,但是分离鉴定出的组分太少,有待进一步完善。     

葎草不同生长月份营养成分及总黄酮含量的动态变化

试验旨在研究不同月份葎草的营养成分及总黄酮含量的变化,为葎草合理、适时利用提供参考。在郑州牧业工程高等专科学校实训基地采收7—10月份的野生葎草,测定葎草在不同月份的营养成分含量,同时用正交试验法测定葎草总黄酮的含量,比较各月份总黄酮含量变化。结果表明,7、9月份的葎草中粗蛋白质（CP）含量与各个月份的含量差异极显著（ P<0.01）,8与10月份的含量差异不显著;10月份的葎草中粗灰分（ASH）、Ca含量与各个月份的含量差异极显著（ P<0.01）,其他各月份葎草的ASH含量差异不显著,7、9月份的葎草中Ca含量差异不显著;8月份的葎草中粗脂肪（EE）含量与各个月份的含量差异显著（P<0.05）,而其他各月份的含量差异不显著;8、9月份的葎草中粗纤维素（CF）含量与各个月份含量差异显著（P<0.05）,7与10月份的含量差异不显著;其中CP含量随生长月份推进呈上升趋势,以9月份最高,10月份次之;粗灰分和Ca含量呈“高—低—低—高”的变化趋势,EE含量以9月份最高,7月份次之,CF含量以8月份最高,9月份次之;葎草总氨基酸（TTA）含量和TAA/CP均随生长月份推进呈上升趋势,以9月份最高,10月份次之,总必需氨基酸/非必需氨基酸（TEAA/NEAA）呈“高—低—高—低”的变化趋势;葎草总黄酮的含量从7—9月份呈上升趋势,10月份含量最低。因此,葎草在9、10月份的营养成分含量较高,而总黄酮含量在8、9月份含量较高,建议9月份刈割利用最好。     

Crop damage caused by powdery mildew on hop and its relationship to late season management

Powdery mildew of hop (Podosphaera macularis) may cause economic loss due to reductions in cone yield and quality. Quantitative estimates of crop damage from powdery mildew remain poorly characterized, especially the effect of late season disease management on crop yield and quality. Field studies in Washington State evaluated cone yield, bittering acid content and quality factors when fungicide applications were ceased at different stages of cone development. The incidence of cones with powdery mildew was linearly correlated with yield of cones, bittering acids and accelerated cone maturation. In cultivar Galena, the cumulative effect of every 1% increase in cones powdery mildew incidence was to reduce alpha‐acid yield by 0·33%, which was due to direct effects on cone yield but also indirect effects mediated by dry matter. In the more susceptible cultivar Zeus, alpha‐acid yield was increased 20% by controlling powdery mildew through the transition of bloom to early cone development compared to ceasing fungicide applications at bloom: additional applications provided only modest improvements in alpha‐acid yield. In both cultivars, the impact of powdery mildew on aroma characteristics and bittering acid content were less substantial than cone yield. The damage caused by powdery mildew to cone colour and alpha‐acid yield, as well as the effectiveness of fungicide applications made to manage the disease, appears inseparably linked to dry matter content of cones at harvest. Realising achievable yield potential in these cultivars requires control of the disease through early stages of cone development and harvest before maturity exceeds c. 25% dry matter.     

啤酒花的地理分布与中国的野生啤酒花资源

啤酒花隶属于桑科葎草属,全世界共有该植物5变种,分布遍及北半球,间断分布于欧亚大陆和北美洲。作者通过对中国新疆地区啤酒花的实地调查,结合所搜集的啤酒花的文献资料,对啤酒花的起源,分化和地理分布进行讨论,并提出保护野生啤酒花资源的建议。     

Genetic structure and differentiation in hop (Humulus lupulus L.) as inferred from microsatellites

A set of 67 wild and cultivated hop accessions, representative of hop diversity, was genotyped with 29 SSR markers in order to investigate the population structure and genetic diversity among hop genotypes. A total of 314 alleles was detected, with an average of 10.8 alleles per locus and an average PIC content of 0.607. Model-based clustering placed the accessions into five germplasm groups. A distance-based tree showed good agreement with five germplasm groups, and additionally assigned accessions omitted from model-based analysis into two additional germplasm groups. The 67 hop accessions were thus subdivided in seven germplasm groups, with three corresponding to major breeding groups and four to wild hops. This finding is in accordance with two biogeographically separated hop germplasms (European and North American origin) and with the known history of the accessions. North American hop germplasm was partitioned into native and cultivated germplasm groups. European germplasm was divided into two groups of hop cultivars representing distinguishable European germplasms and three new groups of native hops, which were differentiated for the first time by this analysis. Admixture analysis showed shares of various ancestries in hop cultivars, mostly congruent with pedigree data, and the introgression of various ancestries in some native hops. The above results have so far given the most detailed insight to date into the population structure of hop diversity, which is important for its effective use in hop breeding.     

鸡矢藤的扦插繁殖技术研究

为了降低鸡矢藤扦插育苗的成本,促进其在公路边坡防护中的推广应用,以1a生鸡矢藤成苗的插条为试验材料,分别进行不同基质、不同插穗部位、不同芽节数、不同制穗方式、不同扦插方式、不同种类及浓度植物生长调节剂的扦插试验,对其扦插繁殖技术进行研究,结果表明:鸡矢藤生长最适条件为沙壤土、中部插穗、1个芽节或2个芽节、斜切或平切、斜插方式;植物生长调节剂ABT1、NAA、IBA浓度分别为350mg/L、100mg/L、100mg/L时插条的生根率和成活率最高,均分别为83%、87%和86%。     

青岛大花脱毒种苗快繁技术研究

【目的】探讨啤酒花品种青岛大花脱毒苗植株再生技术,以期获得青岛大花脱毒苗快速繁殖的便捷途径。【方法】以青岛大花脱毒苗的单芽茎段为外植体,分别以不同水质（自来水、凉开水、蒸馏水、当地井水）、不同前茬和简易营养液处理（带芽根茬、带芽根茬＋简易营养液、新鲜培养基）及不同激素组合进行芽诱导和植株再生。【结果】在芽诱导及植株再生培养过程中,以当地井水进行外植体培养的效果较好,虽然其诱导芽数、新增芽数、增殖倍数稍低于对照蒸馏水,但生根茎段数、生根率、平均根长、茎粗和株高均最高,其次为凉开水处理;自来水处理的生根茎段数、诱导芽数、新增芽数、增殖倍数、株高等均明显低于蒸馏水对照。在前茬培养基上添加10mL简易培养液对外植体培养20d,其诱导芽数、新增芽数、增殖倍数、株高均明显高于新鲜固体培养基处理,且叶色均浓绿。在不同激素组合中,随着6-BA、IAA浓度的增加,单芽茎段的诱导芽数、生根率、增殖倍数呈先降低后增加的趋势,其中以原继代培养的激素组合6一BA0．1mg／L＋IAA0．2mg／L的诱导芽数、生根率、增殖倍数最高,其次为激素组合6-BA0．01mg／L＋IAA0．02mg／L。【结论】在外植体诱导和植株再生培养中,可用当地井水、凉开水作为培养基介质取代蒸馏水;继续利用前代培养基并留茬、再适量添加简易培养液对外植体进行培养,可有效提高脱毒苗的增殖倍数,且再生苗质量不受影响;可使用含低浓度激素组合（6-BA0．01mg／L＋IAA0．02mg／L）进行脱毒试管苗芽诱导和植株再生培养,从而节省生产成本。     

中草药千里光研究进展

中草药千里光具有清热解毒、明目退翳、杀虫止痒、散瘀消肿等功效,被用于广谱抗菌药物在临床上广泛使用。千里光含有肝毒性成分吡咯里西啶类生物碱,其存在的潜在风险受到普遍关注。文章对千里光的理化性质、化学成分、药理作用、毒理及实际应用等方面的最新研究进展进行了综述。     

Contact and ingestion toxicities of plant extracts to <Emphasis Type="Italic">Thaumetopoea solitaria</Emphasis> Frey. (Lepidoptera: Thaumetopoeidae)

Thaumetopoea solitaria is a serious pest of pistachio throughout the Mediterranean and the surrounding region. In this study, contact and ingestion toxicities of Bifora radians, Fumaria officinalis, Humulus lupulus and Rhododendron ponticum extracts against T. solitaria larvae were examined under laboratory conditions. Dimethoate was used as a positive control. In the contact toxicity bioassays B. radians extract was the most toxic, causing 32% mortality. In the ingestion toxicity bioassays H. lupulus extract was the most active, causing 83% mortality after 48 h. This shows that H. lupulus is acting as a stomach poison. The LC₅₀ and LC₉₀ values for H. lupulus ingestion toxicity bioassays were 1.7 and 8.7%, respectively. The LT₅₀ value was 29.3 h. Since H. lupulus extract caused >50% mortality even 6 days after application, its long lasting residual effect promises fewer applications. These results imply that H. lupulus has potential for use as a crop protectant against T. solitaria.     

PCR detection of Pseudoperonospora humuli in air samples from hop yards

Downy mildew of hop, caused by Pseudoperonospora humuli , is an important disease in most regions of hop production and is managed largely with regular fungicide applications. A PCR assay specific to P . humuli and the related organism P .  cubensis was developed and used to monitor airborne inoculum in hop yards to initiate fungicide applications. The PCR amplified as little as 1 fg of genomic DNA of P . humuli , and yielded an amplicon in 70% of reactions when DNA was extracted from single sporangia. In the presence of 25 mg of soil, an amplicon was amplified in 90% of reactions when DNA was extracted from 10 or more sporangia. During nine location-years of validation, PCR detection of the pathogen in air samples occurred no later than 8 days after the appearance of trace levels of disease signs and/or detection of airborne spores in a volumetric spore sampler. Inoculum was detected on average 4·5 days before (range −8 to 14 days) the first appearance of basal spikes in six commercial yards, or 1·3 days after (range −5 to 1 days) sporangia were detected in a volumetric spore sampler in experimental plots. In commercial yards, use of PCR to initiate the first fungicide application led to enhanced disease control or a reduction in fungicide use in four of six yards compared to growers' standard practices. These results indicate that the efficiency and efficacy of hop downy mildew management can be improved when control measures are timed according to first detection of inoculum.